Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition characterised by an intense preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in one's physical appearance. These perceived flaws are often minor or entirely unnoticeable to others, but for the person with BDD, they can cause significant emotional distress and impair daily functioning.

Key Features of BDD

  1. Preoccupation with Appearance:

    • Individuals are excessively concerned about specific parts of their body, such as the skin, hair, nose, or overall symmetry.

    • The concern often revolves around issues like acne, scars, facial features, body shape, or hair thinning.

  2. Distorted Perception:

    • People with BDD often view themselves in a way that is inconsistent with reality. For example, they may see a perfectly normal feature as deformed or ugly.

  3. Compulsive Behaviours:

    • These may include excessive grooming, mirror-checking, seeking reassurance, or comparing themselves to others.

    • Some may avoid mirrors altogether due to distress.

  4. Avoidance:

    • Social withdrawal is common, as individuals may feel too self-conscious to be seen in public.

    • They might avoid photographs or situations where their appearance is in focus.

  5. Functional Impairment:

    • The distress caused by BDD can interfere with work, relationships, and other areas of life. Some may even consider or undergo unnecessary cosmetic procedures in an attempt to "fix" the perceived flaw.

  6. High Levels of Distress:

    • Feelings of shame, embarrassment, anxiety, and depression are frequently associated with BDD.

    • In severe cases, individuals may have thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of BDD is not fully understood, but it likely involves a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors:

  • Genetics: A family history of BDD or related disorders may increase the risk.

  • Brain Chemistry: Abnormalities in brain structure or neurochemical functioning could play a role.

  • Psychological Factors: Low self-esteem, trauma, or a history of being teased or bullied about appearance may contribute.

  • Cultural Influences: Societal pressures and unrealistic beauty standards can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy.

Diagnosis

BDD is typically diagnosed by a mental health professional using key diagnostic criteria:

  • Preoccupation with one or more perceived physical flaws.

  • Repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to the appearance concerns.

  • Significant distress or impairment in functioning.

  • The concern is not better explained by an eating disorder.

Treatment

  1. Psychotherapy:

    • Talk Therapy is the most effective treatment. It helps individuals challenge distorted beliefs about their appearance and reduce compulsive behaviors.

  2. Medication:

    • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant, can help reduce obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

  3. Support Groups:

    • Joining a support group can provide emotional support and reduce feelings of isolation.

  4. Education and Awareness:

    • Understanding the disorder and its impact can empower individuals and their loved ones to seek help.

If you or someone you know is showing traits of BDD, seeking a comprehensive evaluation is the best first step. It can help to confirm the diagnosis and develop a tailored follow-up plan. The Soke offers assessment and treatment pathways for both adults and children, in our Chelsea and Wimbledon sites. Please contact our Client Services team to discuss your symptoms - or the symptoms of your loved one - so that they can guide you towards the most appropriate solution to suit your particular circumstances. They can also be reached on 020 7139 5051.