Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are both terms used to describe a neurodevelopmental condition that affects a person’s ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate attention. However, they are not exactly the same thing, though ADD is considered an outdated term and is now generally categorised under ADHD.

Types of ADHD

ADHD is generally classified into three types:

  1. ADHD, Inattentive Type (formerly ADD):

    • Predominantly characterised by difficulties in maintaining attention, staying organised, following through with tasks, and being forgetful in daily activities.

  2. ADHD, Hyperactive-Impulsive Type:

    • Characterised mainly by hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors such as difficulty sitting still, excessive talking, and making hasty decisions without thinking.

  3. ADHD, Combined Type:

    • A mixture of symptoms from both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Symptoms of ADHD (Inattentive Type/ADD)

  • Difficulty sustaining attention: Easily distracted by external stimuli or unrelated thoughts.

  • Lack of focus: Difficulty concentrating on tasks, especially long or boring ones.

  • Forgetfulness: Often forgets daily activities, appointments, or commitments.

  • Disorganisation: Struggles with keeping things in order, managing tasks, and prioritising.

  • Difficulty following instructions: May not finish schoolwork or chores, even if the directions are clear.

  • Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained effort: Avoids or has difficulty engaging in tasks that demand prolonged mental effort (e.g., reading or homework).

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it’s believed to be a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. Some known risk factors include:

  • Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component.

  • Brain structure and function: Differences in certain brain regions, particularly those involved in attention and impulse control, may contribute.

  • Prenatal exposure: Exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing ADHD.

  • Premature birth: Children born prematurely may have a higher risk of developing ADHD.

Diagnosis

ADHD is typically diagnosed through a combination of:

  • Behavioral assessments: Including interviews with parents, teachers, or other caregivers.

  • Rating scales: Standardised questionnaires or checklists to assess symptoms.

  • Medical and psychological evaluations: To rule out other conditions that may present similar symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for ADHD often includes a combination of strategies:

  1. Behavioral Therapy / Coaching: This can help with strategies for managing symptoms, improving organizational skills, and changing negative thought patterns.

  2. Medication: Stimulant medications are often prescribed to improve focus and attention. Non-stimulant medications may also be used.

  3. Educational Support: Specialized learning strategies and accommodations (e.g., extended time on tests, frequent breaks) can help students with ADHD.

  4. Lifestyle Changes: Creating structured routines, using reminders, and promoting regular physical exercise can support individuals with ADHD in managing their symptoms.

Living with ADHD

Managing ADHD often involves building skills and strategies to work with one’s brain rather than against it. Support can be critical in helping individuals thrive.

If you suspect that you or someone you know has ADHD, seeking a comprehensive evaluation is the best first step. It can help confirm the diagnosis and develop a tailored treatment plan. The Soke offers assessment and treatment pathways for both adults and children, in our Chelsea and Wimbledon sites. We also provide support and training for individuals, families, schools and organisations who want to better manage the relationship with the diagnosed individual. Please contact our Client Services team to discuss your symptoms - or the symptoms of your loved one - so that they can guide you towards the most appropriate solution to suit your particular circumstances. They can also be reached on 020 7139 5051.